Tree surgeons, also known as arborists, carry out work to manage, maintain and remove trees in gardens, parks, commercial grounds and other outdoor spaces. Typical services include inspecting trees for signs of disease, decay or structural weakness; pruning branches to improve a tree's health or shape; removing deadwood; and reducing or reshaping crowns where appropriate. They may also advise on suitable care and ongoing maintenance. Where a tree needs to be removed, tree surgeons can fell it in sections, clear the resulting timber and branches, and grind or remove the stump. Some provide emergency work after storm damage, as well as hedge cutting and planting. Work may involve climbing, chainsaws and specialist machinery, with access and safety measures planned for the site. In the UK, a tree may be protected by a Tree Preservation Order or located in a conservation area, so permission may be required before certain work can begin.