International organisations and bodies are entities whose work involves cooperation, representation or activity across national borders. They may be established by governments, formed by member organisations or created as independent bodies. Their purposes can include coordinating policy, supporting development, setting shared standards, promoting research, providing humanitarian assistance or representing professional and civic interests internationally. Depending on their remit, they may undertake research and publish reports, convene meetings, administer programmes, offer technical advice, monitor agreements or provide services to members and partner institutions. Some have a formal treaty-based or intergovernmental role, while others operate as international associations, charities or non-governmental organisations.